<Midgar> From all the sterotypes about Aussies, I figure you guys are really tough. <Midgar> ;p <krusto> we'll throw koala's at you
The commonest arrangement of the great branches of the aortic arch in Mammals is that in which the innominate and left carotid arise by a single short trunk, while the left subclavian comes off later; this is also Man's commonest abnormality. Sometimes, especially among the Ungulata, all the branches may rise from one common trunk; at other times two innominate arteries may be present; this is commonest in the Cheiroptera, Insectivora and Cetacea. It is extremely rare to find all four large arteries rising independently from the aorta, though it has been seen in the Koala (F.G. Parsons, "Mammalian Aortic Arch," _Journ. of Anat._ vol. xxxvi. p. 389). The human arrangement of the common iliacs is not constant among mammals, for in some the external and internal iliacs rise independently from the aorta, and this is probably the more primitive arrangement. The middle sacral artery has already been referred to. A.H. Young and A. Robinson believe, on embryological grounds, that this artery in mammals is not homologous with the caudal artery of the fish, and is not the direct continuation of the aorta; it is an artery which usually gives off two or more collateral branches, and sometimes, as in the Ornithorynchus and some edentates, breaks up into a network of branches which reunite and so form what is known as a _rete mirabile_. These retia mirabilia are often found in other parts of the mammalian body, though their function is still not satisfactorily explained. The way in which the blood is carried to the foot in the pronograde mammals differs from that of Man; a large branch called the internal saphenous comes off the common femoral in the lower third of the thigh, and this runs down the inner side of the leg to the foot. This arrangement is quite convenient as long as the knee is flexed, but when it comes to be extended, as in the erect posture, the artery is greatly stretched, and it is much easier for the blood to pass to the foot through the anterior and posterior tibials. A vestige of this saphenous artery, however, remains in Man as the anastomotica magna. Entry: COMPARATIVE
3. _Diprotodonts._--The third and last sub-order of marsupials is the Diprotodontia, which is exclusively Australasian and includes the wombats, koala, cuscuses, kangaroos and their relatives. There are never more than three pairs of upper and one of lower incisors, of which the middle upper and the single lower pair are large and chisel-like (fig. 9); the canines are small or absent; the cheek-teeth have bluntly tuberculate or transversely-ridged crowns in most cases; and the hind-feet are syndactylous. With one exception, the intestine has a caecum, and the pouch is large and opens forwards. It should be added that Professor Elliot Smith has pointed out a certain peculiarity in its commissures whereby the brain of the diprotodonts differs markedly from that of the polyprotodonts and approximates to the placental type. Dr Einar Lönnberg has also recorded certain adaptive peculiarities in the stomach. Most of the species, particularly the specialized types, are more or less completely herbivorous. Entry: 3
The koala, or "native bear" (_Phascolarctus cinereus_), which differs widely from the wombats in its arboreal habits, is less specialized as regards its dentition, of which the formula is i. 3/1, c. 1/0, p. + m. 5/5, total 30. Upper incisors crowded together, cylindroidal, the first much larger than the others, with a bevelled cutting edge (fig. 9). Canine very small; a considerable interval between it and the first premolar, which is as long from before backwards but not so broad as the molars, and has a cutting edge, with a smaller parallel inner ridge. The molar-like teeth slightly diminishing in size from the first to the fourth, with square crowns, each bearing four pyramidal cusps. The lower incisors are partially inclined forwards, compressed and tapering, bevelled at the ends. Cheek-teeth in continuous series, as in the upper jaw. Fore-feet with the two inner toes slightly separated from and opposable to the remaining three, all with strong curved and much compressed claws. Hind-foot (fig. 10) with the first toe placed far back, large and broad, the second and third (united) toes considerably smaller than the other two; the fourth the largest. No external tail. Fur dense and woolly. Ears of moderate size, thickly clothed with long hair. Caecum very long and dilated, with numerous folds. Vertebrae: C. 7, D. 11, L. 8, S. 2, Ca. 8. Ribs eleven pairs (see KOALA). Entry: 3
KITE-FLYING KOSTER, LAURENS KIT-FOX KOSTROMA (government of Russia) KITTO, JOHN KOSTROMA (town of Russia) KITTUR KÖSZEG KITZINGEN KOTAH KIU-KIANG FU KOTAS KIUSTENDIL KOTKA KIVU KOTRI KIWI KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH VON KIZILBASHES KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON KIZIL IRMAK KOUMISS KIZLYAR KOUMOUNDOUROS, ALEXANDROS KIZYL-KUM KOUSSO KJERULF, HALFDAN KOVALEVSKY, SOPHIE KJERULF, THEODOR KOVNO (government of Russia) KLADNO KOVNO (town of Russia) KLAFSKY, KATHARINA KOVROV KLAGENFURT KOWTOW KLAJ, JOHANN KOZLOV KLAMATH KRAAL KLAPKA, GEORG KRAFFT, ADAM KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS KRAGUYEVATS KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH KRAKATOA KLÉBER, JEAN BAPTISTE KRAKEN KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD KRALYEVO KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH VON KRANTZ, ALBERT KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON KRASNOVODSK KLERKSDORP KRASNOYARSK KLESL, MELCHIOR KRASZEWSKI, JOSEPH IGNATIUS KLINGER, FRIEDRICH VON KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH KLINGER, MAX KRAWANG KLIPSPRINGER KRAY VON KRAJOVA, PAUL KLONDIKE KREMENCHUG KLOPP, ONNO KREMENETS KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH KREMS KLOSTERNEUBURG KREMSIER KLOTZ, REINHOLD KREUTZER, KONRADIN KNARESBOROUGH KREUTZER, RUDOLPH KNAVE KREUZBURG KNEBEL, KARL LUDWIG VON KREUZNACH KNEE KRIEGSPIEL KNELLER, SIR GODFREY KRIEMHILD KNICKERBOCKER, HARMEN JANSEN KRILOFF, IVAN ANDREEVICH KNIFE KRISHNA KNIGGE, ADOLF FRANZ FRIEDRICH KRISHNAGAR KNIGHT, CHARLES KRISTIANSTAD KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY KRIVOY ROG KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON KROCHMAL, NAHMAN KNIGHTHOOD and CHIVALRY KRONENBERG KNIGHT-SERVICE KRONSTADT KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE KROONSTAD KNIPPERDOLLINCK, BERNT KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH KNITTING KROTOSCHIN KNOBKERRIE KRÜDENER, BARBARA JULIANA KNOLLES, RICHARD KRUG, WILHELM TRAUGOTT KNOLLES, SIR ROBERT KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS KNOLLYS KRUGERSDORP KNOT (bird) KRUMAU KNOT (loop of rope) KRUMBACHER, CARL KNOUT KRUMEN KNOWLES, SIR JAMES KRUMMACHER, FRIEDRICH ADOLF KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN KRUPP, ALFRED KNOW NOTHING PARTY KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN KNOX, HENRY KRUSHEVATS KNOX, JOHN KSHATTRIYA KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE KUBAN (river of Russia) KNOXVILLE KUBAÑ (province of Russia) KNUCKLE KUBELIK, JAN KNUCKLEBONES KUBERA KNUTSFORD KUBLAI KHAN KOALA KUBUS KOBDO KUCHAN KOBELL, WOLFGANG XAVER FRANZ KUCH BEHAR KOCH, ROBERT KUDU KOCH (tribe) KUENEN, ABRAHAM KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE KUEN-LUN KODAIKANAL KUFA KODAMA, GENTARO KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT KODUNGALUR KÜHNE, WILLY KOENIG, KARL DIETRICH EBERHARD KUKA KOESFELD KU KLUX KLAN KOHAT KUKU KHOTO KOHAT PASS KULJA KOHISTAN KULM KOHL KULMBACH KOHLHASE, HANS KULMSEE KOKOMO KULP KOKO-NOR KULU KOKSHAROV, NIKOLAÍ VON KUM KOKSTAD KUMAIT IBN ZAID KOLA KUMAON KOLABA KUMASI KOLAR KUMISHAH KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN KUMQUAT KOLBERG KUMTA KÖLCSEY, FERENCZ KUMYKS KOLDING KUNAR KOLGUEV KUNBIS KOLHAPUR KUNDT, AUGUST ADOLPH EDUARD EBERHARD KOLIN KUNDUZ KOLIS KUNENE KÖLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON KUNERSDORF KOLLONTAJ, HUGO KUNGRAD KOLOMEA KUNGUR KOLOMNA KUNKEL VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN KOLOZSVÁR KUNLONG KOLPINO KUNZITE KOLS KUOPIO (province of Finland) KOLYVAÑ KUOPIO (city of Finland) KOMÁROM KUPRILI KOMATI KURAKIN, BORIS IVANOVICH KOMOTAU KURBASH KOMURA, JUTARO KURDISTAN (country) KONARAK KURDISTAN (province of Persia) KONG KURGAN KONGSBERG KURIA MURIA ISLANDS KONIA KURILES KONIECPOLSKI, STANISLAUS KURISCHES HAFF KÖNIG, KARL RUDOLPH KURNOOL KÖNIGGRÄTZ KUROKI, ITEI KÖNIGINHOF KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH KÖNIGSBERG KURO SIWO KÖNIGSBORN KURRAM KÖNIGSHÜTTE KURSEONG KÖNIGSLUTTER KURSK (government of Russia) KÖNIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA KURSK (town of Russia) KÖNIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH KÖNIGSSEE KURUMAN KÖNIGSTEIN KURUMBAS and KURUBAS KÖNIGSWINTER KURUNEGALA KONINCK, LAURENT GUILLAUME DE KURUNTWAD KONINCK, PHILIP DE KURZ, HERMANN KONITZ KUSAN KONKAN KUSHALGARH KONTAGORA KUSHK KOORINGA KUSTANAISK KÖPENICK KÜSTENLAND KOPISCH, AUGUST KUTAIAH KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ KUTAIS (government of Russia) KOPRÜLÜ KUTAIS (town of Russia) KORA KUT-EL-AMARA KORAN KUTENAI KORAT KUTTALAM KORDOFAN KUTTENBERG KOREA (country) KUTUSOV, MIKHAIL LARIONOVICH KOREA (Indian tributary state) KUWET KORESHAN ECCLESIA, THE KUZNETSK KORIN, OGATA KVASS KORKUS KWAKIUTL KÖRMÖCZBÁNYA KWANGCHOW BAY KÖRNER, KARL THEODOR KWANG-SI KORNEUBURG KWANG-TUNG KOROCHA KWANZA KORSÖR KWEI-CHOW KORTCHA KYAUKPYU KORYAKS KYAUKSE KOSCIUSCO KYD, THOMAS KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ BONAWENTURA KYFFHÄUSER KÖSEN KYNASTON, EDWARD KOSHER KYNETON KÖSLIN KYOSAI, SHO-FU KOSSOVO KYRIE KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS KYRLE, JOHN KOSSUTH, LAJOS KYSHTYM Entry: KITE
As regards the teeth, in all cases except the wombats the number of upper incisors differs from that of the corresponding lower teeth. As already stated, there is no vertical displacement and succession of the functional teeth except in the case of a single tooth on each side of each jaw, which is the third of the premolar series, and is preceded by a tooth having more or less of the characters of a molar (see fig. 1). In some cases (as in rat-kangaroos) this tooth retains its place and function until the animal has nearly, if not quite, attained its full stature, and is not shed and replaced by its successor until after all the other teeth, including the molars, are in place and use. In others, as the thylacine, it is rudimentary, being shed or absorbed before any of the other teeth have cut the gum, and therefore functionless. It may be added that there are some marsupials, such as the wombat, koala, marsupial ant-eater and the dasyures, in which no such deciduous tooth, even in a rudimentary state, has been discovered. In addition to this replacement of a single pair of functional teeth in each jaw, it has been discovered that marsupials possess rudimentary tooth-germs which never cut the gum. According to one theory, these rudimentary teeth, together with the one pair of functional teeth in each jaw that has vertical successors, represent the milk-teeth of placental mammals. On the other hand, there are those who believe that the functional dentition (other than the replacing premolar and the molars) correspond to the milk-dentition of placentals, and that the rudimentary tooth-germs represent a "prelacteal" dentition. The question, however, is of academic rather than of practical interest, and whichever way it is answered does not affect our general conception of the nature and relationships of the group. Entry: MARSUPIALIA
The first family, _Phascolomyidae_, is typified by the wombats; but according to the view adopted by Mr H. Winge, and endorsed by Professor Max Weber, is also taken to include the koala. In this wider sense the family may be characterized as follows. The tympanic process of the alisphenoid bone of the skull is short, not covering the cavity of the tympanum, nor reaching the paroccipital process. The tail is rudimentary, the first hind-toe opposable, the first pair of upper incisors very large, but the second and third either absent or small and placed partially behind the larger pair; and only five pairs of cheek-teeth in each jaw. The stomach has a cardiac gland, and the number of teats is two. Entry: 3
WOMBAT, KOALA or Australian Bear.--Size 20 × 12 in. Has light grey or brown close thick wool half an inch deep without any top hair, with a rather thick spongy pelt. It is quite inexpensive and only suitable for cheap rough coats, carriage rugs, perambulator aprons and linings for footbags. The coats are largely used in western America and Canada. Value 3d. to 1s. 8½d. Entry: WOMBAT