Me justum esse gratis oportet=--It is my duty to show justice without recompense. _Sen._ [Greek: Me kaka kerdainein; kaka kerdea is' atesin]--Do not make evil gains; evil gains are equal to losses. _Hesiod._ [Greek: Me kinei Kamarinan]--Don't stir Lake Camarina (otherwise pestilence).
In the autumn of 1899 the khalifa was at Jebel Gedir, a hill in southern Kordofan, about 80 m. from the White Nile, and was contemplating an advance. Lord Kitchener concentrated 8000 men at Kaka, on the river, 380 m. south of Khartum, and moved inland on the 20th of October. On arriving at Fongor it was ascertained that the khalifa had gone north, and the cavalry and camel corps having reconnoitred Jebel Gedir, the expedition returned. On the 13th November the amir Ahmed Fedil debouched on the river at El Alub, but retired on finding Colonel Lewis with a force in gunboats. Troops and transport were then concentrated at Faki Kohi, and Colonel Wingate sent with reinforcements from Khartum to take command of the expedition and march to Gedid, where it was anticipated the khalifa would be obliged to halt. A flying column, comprising a squadron of cavalry, a field battery, 6 machine guns, 6 companies of the camel corps, and a brigade of infantry and details, in all 3700 men, under Wingate, left Faki Kohi on the 21st of November. The very next day he encountered Ahmed Fedil at Abu Aadel, drove him from his position with great loss, and captured his camp and a large supply of grain he was convoying to the khalifa. Gedid was reached on the 23rd, and the khalifa was ascertained to be at Om Debreikat. Wingate marched at midnight of the 24th, and was resting his troops on high ground in front of the khalifa's position, when at daybreak of the 25th his picquets were driven in and the dervishes attacked. They were repulsed with great slaughter, and Wingate advancing, carried the camp. The khalifa Abdullah el Taaisha, unable to rally his men, gathered many of his principal amirs around him, among whom were his sons and brothers, Ali Wad Helu, Ahmed Fedil, and other well-known leaders, and they met their death unflinchingly from the bullets of the advancing Sudanese infantry. Three thousand men and 29 amirs of importance, including Sheik-ed-din, the khalifa's eldest son and intended successor, surrendered. The dervish loss in the two actions was estimated at 1000 killed and wounded, while the Egyptian casualties were only 4 killed and 29 wounded. Thus ended the power of the khalifa and of Mahdism. Entry: SUDAN
3. The extant _Hippolytus_ (429 B.C.)--sometimes called _Stephanephoros_, the "wreath-bearer," from the garland of flowers which, in the opening scene, the hero offers to Artemis--was not the first drama of Euripides on this theme. In an earlier play of the same name, we are told, he had shocked both the moral and the aesthetic sense of Athens. In this earlier _Hippolytus_, Phaedra herself had confessed her love to her step-son, and, when repulsed, had falsely accused him to Theseus, who doomed him to death; at the sight of the corpse, she had been moved to confess her crime, and had atoned for it by a voluntary death. This first _Hippolytus_ is cited as _Hippolytus the Veiled_ ([Greek: kaluptomenos]), either, as Toup and Welcker thought, from Hippolytus covering his face in horror, or, as Bentley with more likelihood suggested, because the youth's shrouded corpse was brought upon the scene. It can scarcely be doubted that the chief dramatic defect of our _Hippolytus_ is connected with the unfavourable reception of its predecessor. Euripides had been warned that limits must be observed in the dramatic portrayal of a morally repulsive theme. In the later play, accordingly, the whole action is made to turn on the jealous feud between Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and Artemis, the goddess of chastity. Phaedra not only shrinks from breathing her secret to Hippolytus, but destroys herself when she learns that she is rejected. But the natural agency of human passion is now replaced by a supernatural machinery; the slain son and the bereaved father are no longer the martyrs of sin, the tragic witnesses of an inexorable law; rather they and Phaedra are alike the puppets of a divine caprice, the scapegoats of an Olympian quarrel in which they have no concern. But if the dramatic effect of the whole is thus weakened, the character of Phaedra is a fine psychological study; and, as regards form, the play is one of the most brilliant. Boeckh (_De tragoediae Graecae principiis_, p. 180 f.) is perhaps too ingenious in finding an allusion to the plague at Athens (430 B.C.) in the [Greek: ô kaka thnêtôn stugerai te nosoi] of v. 177, and in v. 209 f.; but it can scarcely be doubted that he is right in suggesting that the closing words of Theseus (v. 1460) Entry: 3
JUSTINIAN II. KARAMAN JUSTIN MARTYR KARAMANIA JUTE KARAMNASA JÜTERBOG KARA MUSTAFA JUTES KARAMZIN, NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH JUTIGALPA KARA SEA JUTLAND KARASU-BAZAR JUTURNA KARATEGHIN JUVENAL KARAULI JUVENCUS, GAIUS AQUILINUS KAREN JUVENILE OFFENDERS KAREN-NI JUVENTAS KARIKAL JUXON, WILLIAM KARLI K KARLOWITZ K2 KARLSKRONA KA'BA, KAABA KARLSRUHE KABARDIA KARLSTAD KABBA KARLSTADT KABBABISH KARMA KABBALAH KÁRMÁN, JÓZSEF KABINDA KARNAK KABIR KARNAL KABUL KÁROLYI, ALOYS KABUL RIVER KAROSS KABYLES KARR, JEAN BAPTISTE ALPHONSE KACH GANDAVA KARRER, FELIX KACHIN HILLS KARROO KADUR KARS (province of Russia) KAEMPFER, ENGELBRECHT KARS (town of Russia) KAFFA KARSHI KAFFIR BREAD KARST KAFFIRS KARSTEN, KARL JOHANN BERNHARD KAFFRARIA KARTIKEYA KAFIRISTAN KARUN KAGERA KARWAR KAHLUR KARWI KAHN, GUSTAVE KARYOGAMY KAHNIS, KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST KASAI K'AI-FÊNG FU KASBEK KAILAS KASHAN KAIN KASHGAR KAIRA KASHI KAIRAWAN KASHMIR KAISERSLAUTERN KASHMIRI KAISERSWERTH KASHUBES KAITHAL KASIMOV KAKAPO KASSA KAKAR KASSALA KALA-AZAR KASSASSIN KALABAGH KASSITES KALACH KASTAMUNI KALAHANDI KASTORIA KALAHARI DESERT KASUR KALAMATA KATAGUM KALAMAZOO KATANGA KALAPUYA KATER, HENRY KALAT KATHA KALAT-I-GHILZAI KATHIAWAR KALB, JOHANN KATKOV, MICHAEL NIKIFOROVICH KALCKREUTH, FRIEDRICH ADOLF KATMANDU KALCKREUTH, LEOPOLD KATO, TAKA-AKIRA KALEIDOSCOPE KATRINE, LOCH KALERGIS, DIMITRI KATSENA KALEWALA KATSURA, TARO KALGAN KATTERFELTO, GUSTAVUS KALGOORLIE KATTOWITZ KALI KATWA KALIDASA KATYDID KALIMPONG KAUFBEUREN KALINGA KAUFFMANN, [MARIA ANNA] ANGELICA KALINJAR KAUFMANN, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH KALIR [QALIR], ELEAZER KAUKAUNA KALISCH, ISIDOR KAULBACH, WILHELM VON KALISCH, MARCUS KAUNITZ-RIETBURG, WENZEL ANTON KALISPEL KAUP, JOHANN JAKOB KALISZ (government of Poland) KAURI PINE KALISZ (town of Poland) KAVA KALK KAVADH KALKAS KAVALA KALKBRENNER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM KAVANAGH, ARTHUR MACMORROUGH KÁLLAY, BENJAMIN VON KAVANAGH, JULIA KALMAR KAVASS KALMUCK KAVIRONDO KALNÓKY, GUSTAV SIEGMUND KAW KALOCSA KAWARDHA KALPI KAY, JOHN KALUGA (government of Russia) KAY, JOSEPH KALUGA (town of Russia) KAYAK KALYAN KAYASTH KAMA KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM KAMALA KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL KAMCHATKA KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, SIR JAMES PHILLIPS KAME KAZALA KAMENETS PODOLSKIY KAZAÑ (government of Russia) KAMENZ KAZAÑ (town of Russia) KAMES, HENRY HOME KAZERUN KAMMIN KAZINCZY, FERENCZ KAMPEN KAZVIN KAMPTEE KEAN, EDMUND KAMRUP KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH KAMYSHIN KEARNEY KANAKA KEARNY, PHILIP KANARA KEARNY KANARESE KEARY, ANNIE KANARIS, CONSTANTINE KEATE, JOHN KANAUJ KEATS, JOHN KANDAHAR KEBLE, JOHN KANDI KECSKEMÉT KANDY KEDDAH KANE, ELISHA KENT KEDGEREE KANE (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) KEEL KANGAROO KEELEY, MARY ANNE KANGAROO-RAT KEELING ISLANDS KANGAVAR KEEL-MOULDING KANGRA KEENE, CHARLES SAMUEL KANISHKA KEENE, LAURA KANKAKEE KEENE (New Hampshire, U.S.A.) KANKER KEEP, ROBERT PORTER KANO KEEP KANSAS KEEWATIN KANSAS CITY (Kansas, U.S.A.) KEF KANSAS CITY (Missouri, U.S.A.) KEHL KANSK KEIGHLEY KAN-SUH KEI ISLANDS KANT, IMMANUEL KEIM, KARL THEODOR KANURI KEITH (old Scottish family) KAOLIN KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES KAPUNDA KEITH, GEORGE KAPURTHALA KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE KARACHI KEITH (burgh of Scotland) KARAGEORGE KEJ KARA-HISSAR KEKULÉ, FRIEDRICH AUGUST KARA-HISSAR SHARKI KELLER, ALBERT KARAISKAKIS, GEORGES KELLER, GOTTFRIED KARAJICH, VUK STEFANOVICH KELLER, HELEN ADAMS KARA-KALPAKS KELLERMANN, FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE DE KARAKORUM KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK KARA-KUL KELLOGG, CLARA LOUISE KARA-KUM KELLS Entry: JUSTINIAN
The kakapo is about the size of a raven, of a green or brownish-green colour, thickly freckled and irregularly barred with dark brown, and dashed here and there with longitudinal stripes of light yellow. Examples are subject to much variation in colour and shade, and in some the lower parts are deeply tinged with yellow. Externally the most striking feature of the bird is its head, armed with a powerful beak that it well knows how to use, and its face clothed with hairs and elongated feathers that sufficiently resemble the physiognomy of an owl to justify the generic name bestowed upon it. Of its internal structure little has been described, and that not always correctly. Its furcula has been said (_Proc. Zool. Society_, 1874, p. 594) to be "lost," whereas the clavicles, which in most birds unite to form that bone, are present, though they do not meet, while in like manner the bird has been declared (_op. cit._, 1867, p. 624, note) to furnish among the _Carinatae_ "the only apparent exception to the presence of a keel" to the sternum. The keel, however, is undoubtedly there, as remarked by Blanchard (_Ann. Nat. Sc., Zoologie_, 4th series, vol. xi. p. 83) and A. Milne Edwards (_Ois. Foss. de la France_, ii. 516), and, though much reduced in size, is nearly as much developed as in the Dodo and the Ocydrome. The aborted condition of this process can hardly be regarded but in connexion with the incapacity of the bird for flight, and may very likely be the result of disuse. There can be scarcely any doubt as to the propriety of considering this genus the type of a separate family of _Psittaci_; but whether it stands alone or some other forms (_Pezoporus_ or _Geopsittacus_, for example, which in coloration and habits present some curious analogies) should be placed with it, must await future determination. In captivity the kakapo is said to show much intelligence, as well as an affectionate and playful disposition. Unfortunately it does not seem to share the longevity characteristic of most parrots, and none that has been held in confinement appears to have long survived, while many succumb speedily. Entry: KAKAPO
Numerous raised beaches and terraces, containing shells of marine mollusca, &c., occur along the whole coast of Greenland, and indicate that the whole of this large island has been raised, or the sea has sunk, in post-glacial times, after the inland ice covered its now ice-bare outskirts. In the north along the shores of Smith Sound these traces of the gradual upheaval of the land, or sinking of the sea, are very marked; but they are also very distinct in the south, although not found so high above sea-level, which seems to show that the upheaval has been greater in the north. In Uvkusigsat Fjord (72° 20' N.) the highest terrace is 480 ft. above the sea.[23] On Manitsok (65° 30' N.) the highest raised beach was 360 ft. above the sea.[24] In the Isortok Fjord (67° 11' N.) the highest raised beach is 380 ft. above sea-level.[25] In the Ameralik Fjord (64° 14' N.) the highest marine terrace is about 340 ft. above sea-level, and at Ilivertalik (63° 14' N.), north of Fiskernaes, the highest terrace is about 325 ft. above the sea. At Kakarsuak, near the Björnesund (62° 50' N.), a terrace is found at 615 ft. above the sea, but it is doubtful whether this is of marine origin.[26] In the Julianehaab district, between 60° and 61° N., the highest marine terraces are found at about 160 ft. above the sea.[27] The highest marine terrace observed in Scoresby Fjord, on the east coast, was 240 ft. above sea-level.[28] There is a common belief that during quite recent times the west and south-west coast, within the Danish possessions, has been sinking. Although there are many indications which may make this probable, none of them can be said to be quite decisive.[29] Entry: GREENLAND
In habits the kakapo is almost wholly nocturnal,[2] hiding in holes (which in some instances it seems to make for itself) under the roots of trees or rocks during the day time, and only issuing forth about sunset to seek its food, which is solely vegetable in kind, and consists of the twigs, leaves, seeds and fruits of trees, grass and fern roots--some observers say mosses also. It sometimes climbs trees, but generally remains on the ground, only using its comparatively short wings to balance itself in running or to break its fall when it drops from a tree--though not always then--being apparently incapable of real flight. It thus becomes an easy prey to the marauding creatures--cats, rats and so forth--which European colonists have, by accident or design, let loose in New Zealand. Sir G. Grey says it had been, within the memory of old people, abundant in every part of that country, but (writing in 1854) was then found only in the unsettled districts. Entry: KAKAPO
Kandahar is approximately a square-built city, surrounded by a wall of about 3¾ m. circuit, and from 25 to 30 ft. high, with an average breadth of 15 ft. Outside the wall is a ditch 10 ft. deep. The city and its defences are entirely mud-built. There are four main streets crossing each other nearly at right angles, the central "chouk" being covered with a dome. These streets are wide and bordered with trees, and are flanked by shops with open fronts and verandas. There are no buildings of any great pretension in Kandahar, a few of the more wealthy Hindus occupying the best houses. The tomb of Ahmad Shah is the only attempt at monumental architecture. This, with its rather handsome cupola, and the twelve minor tombs of Ahmad Shah's children grouped around, contains a few good specimens of fretwork and of inlaid inscriptions. The four streets of the city divide it into convenient quarters for the accommodation of its mixed population of Duranis, Ghilzais, Parsiwans and Kakars, numbering in all some 30,000 souls. Of these the greater proportion are the Parsiwans (chiefly Kizilbashes). Entry: KANDAHAR
At this point, as might be expected, are some of the grandest peaks and precipices in Baluchistan. Khalifat on the east of Quetta, flanking the Harnai loop of the Sind-Pishin railway; Takatu to the north; Chahiltan (Chiltan) on the south-west; and the great square-headed Murdar to the south--all overlook the pretty cantonment from heights which range from 10,500 to 11,500 ft. Lying in the midst of them, on an open plain formed by the high-level tributaries of the Lora (which have also raised the Pishin valley to the north), 5500 ft. above the sea, is Quetta. The mass of twisted flexures, the curved wrinkles that end the Suliman system, is occupied by true Baluchis, the Marri and Bugti sections of the great Rind confederation of tribes owning an Arabic origin. There are no Pathans here. To the north of them are the Bozdars, another Rind clan; and these Rind tribes form the exception to the general rule of Pathan occupation of northern Baluchistan. Amongst the Pathans, the Kakars and Dumars of Pishin, with the Mando Khel of Zhob, are the most prominent tribal divisions. Entry: BALUCHISTAN
Japanese.--_Sio Ken Zi Ko_ (Examination of Words and Characters), 1608, 8vo, 10 vols.: _Wa Kan Won Se Ki Sio Gen Zi Ko_, lithographed by Siebold, Lugd. Bat., 1835, fol. JAP.-CHINESE.--_Faga biki set yo siu_. CHINESE-JAP.--_Kanghi Tse Tein_, 30 vols. 12mo: _Zi rin gioku ben_. DUTCH DICTIONARIES PRINTED BY JAPANESE.--_Nieeu verzameld Japansch en Hollandsch Woordenbock_, by the interpreter, B. Sadayok, 1810: Minamoto Masataka, Prince of Nakats (Jap. Chinese-Dutch), 5 vols. 4to, printed at Kakats by his servants: _Jedo-Halma_ (Dutch-Jap.), Jedo, 4to, 20 vols.: _Nederduitsche taal_, Dutch Chinese, for the use of interpreters. LATIN AND PORTUGUESE.--Calepinus, _Dictionarium_, Amacusa, 1595, 4to. LATIN.--Collado, _Compendium_, Romae, 1632, 4to: _Lexicon_, Romae, 1870, 4to, from Calepinus. ENGLISH.--Medhurst, Batavia, 1830, 8vo: Hepburn, Shanghai, 1867, 8vo; 1872. ENG.-JAP.--Hori Tatnoskoy, Yedo, 1862, 8vo; 2nd ed. Yeddo, 1866, 8vo: Satow and Ishibashi Masakata (spoken language), London, 1876, 8vo. FRENCH.--Rosny (Jap. Fr. Eng.), Paris, 1857, 4to, vol. i.: Pagés, Paris, 1869, 4to, translated from Calepinus. FR.-JAP.--Soutcovey, Paris, 1864, 8vo. FR. ENG. JAP.--Mermet de Cachon, Paris, 1866, 8vo, unfinished. GERMAN.--Pfizmaier (Jap.-Ger., Eng.), Wien, 1851, 4to, unfinished. SPANISH.--_Vocabulario del Japon_, Manila, 1630, 4to, translated from the next. PORTUGUESE.--_Vocabulario da Lingua de Japam_, Nagasaki, 1603, 4to. RUSSIAN.--Goshkevich, St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo, 487 pages. CHINESE CHARACTERS WITH JAPANESE PRONUNCIATION.--Rosny, Paris, 1867, 8vo. CHINESE AND JAPANESE NAMES OF PLANTS.--Hoffmann, Leyde, 1864, 8vo. Entry: INDIAN
For further details see Gould's _Birds of Australia_ (ii. 247), and _Handbook_ (ii. 539); Dr Finsch's _Die Papageien_ (i. 241), and Sir Walter Buller's _Birds of New Zealand_ especially. (A. N.) Entry: KAKAPO
MAINA (or MANI) and MAINOTES, a district and people of the Peloponnesus, the modern Morea. Maina is the country occupied by the mountain range of Taygetus from Sparta to Cape Matapan, the ancient Taenarum. It is now divided between the modern districts Oetylos and Gythion. Before the organization of the present kingdom of Greece, Maina was subdivided into [Greek: Exô Manê], Outer Maina, from the frontier of Kalamata, on the Gulf of Messenia, to Vitylo (Oetylos) and inland to the summit of Taygetus; [Greek: Katô Manê], Lower Maina, from Vitylo to Cape Matapan; and [Greek: Mesa Manê], or Inner Maina, on the east, and on the Gulf of Laconia as far as the plain of Elos. It contained over a hundred villages. The country is mountainous and inaccessible, a formation to which it owes its historical importance. The Mainotes claim to descend from the Spartans, and probably represent the Eleuthero, or free, Laconians who were delivered by Rome from the power of Sparta, as is suggested by the traces of ancient Greek in their dialect and by their physical type. Their country being a natural fortress, they were able to defend themselves against the Byzantine emperors, the barbarians who broke into the empire, the Latin princes of Achaea of the house of Villehardouin, and the Turks. As their country is also poor and maritime, they were early tempted to take to piratical adventure. Gibbon says that "in the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus they had acquired the name of Mainotes, under which they dishonour the claim of liberty by the inhuman pillage of all that is shipwrecked on their rocky shore." Their neighbours gave their country the name of "Kakaboulia"--the land of wicked counsels. The passes of their mountains were elaborately fortified and their villages were full of fortified towers (_pyrgoi_) from which they formed their own favourite epithet, Maina Polypyrgos--many-towered Maina. On the western side it also contains the remains of feudal keeps, erected by William II. de Villehardouin (1245-1278) and other Latin princes of Achaea. The Mainotes did not become Christians till the 9th century. From the 15th till the 17th century they recognized a family which claimed to belong to the Comneni of Trebizond as head chiefs. But the real power was in the hands of the chiefs of the different families and villages, who formed a turbulent and martial aristocracy. Enduring and ferocious feuds were common among them. In the course of the 18th century the family of Mavromicheli (Black Michael), which belonged to lower Maina, established a general headship over the Mainotes after much strife and many murders. When Russia endeavoured to promote a rising against the Turks in the Morea in 1770 the Mainotes acted with her, and the strength of their country enabled them to escape the vengeance of the Turks when the Christians were cynically deserted by the Russians. In 1777 their practical independence was recognized by the sultan's officers. During the Greek war of independence the Mainotes were chiefly led by Petros (Petro Bey) Mavromicheli, known to his countrymen as the king of Maina, who undoubtedly cherished the hope of establishing a principality for himself. The freedom of Greece, for which he had fought in his own way, proved the ruin of his ambition. He found the new order less compatible with his schemes than the Turkish dominion. Petro Bey was imprisoned by the Greek president Capodistrias (see CAPO D'ISTRIA, COUNT.), who was in revenge murdered by the Mavromichelis. The family were finally content to become courtiers and officials in the reign of King Otto I. In the 19th century Maina was but little affected by civilization, except in so far as the efficiency of modern navies debarred the Mainotes from their old resource of piracy. Entry: MAINA
But the most important works of this class are the _Islendinga Saga_ and _Thorgils Saga_ of Lawman Sturla. Sturla and his brother Olaf were the sons of Thord Sturlason and his mistress Thora. Sturla was born and brought up in prosperous times, but his manhood was passed in the midst of strife, in which his family fell one by one, and he himself, though a peaceful man who cared little for politics, was more than once forced to fly for his life. While in refuge with King Magnus, in Norway, he wrote his two sagas of that king and his father. After his first stay in Norway he came back in 1271, with the new Norse law-book, and served a second time as lawman. The _Islendinga_ must have been the work of his later years, composed at Fairey in Broadfirth, where he died, 30th July 1284, aged about seventy years. The saga of _Thorgils Skardi_ (1252-1261) seems to have been the first of his works on Icelandic contemporary history; it deals with the life of his own nephew, especially his career in Iceland from 1252 to 1258. The second part of _Islendinga_ (1242-1262), which relates to the second part of the civil war, telling of the careers of Thord Kakali, Kolbein the Young, Earl Gizur and Hrafn Oddsson. The end is imperfect, there being a blank of some years before the fragmentary ending to which an editor has affixed a notice of the author's death. The first part of _Islendinga_ (1202-1242) tells of the beginning and first part of the civil wars, the lives of Snorri and Sighvat, Sturla's uncles, of his cousin and namesake Sturla Sighvatsson, of Bishop Gudmund, and Thorwald Gizursson,--the fall of the Sturlungs, and with them the last hopes of the great houses to maintain the commonwealth, being the climax of the story. Entry: A
The total area of Baluchistan is 132,315 sq. m. and its population in 1901 was 914,551. The population is largely nomadic. The fact that so many as 15,000 camels have been counted in the Bolan Pass during one month of the annual Brahui migration indicates the dimensions which the movement assumes. The religion of the country is so overwhelmingly Mahommedan that out of every 100,000 inhabitants 94,403 are Mussulman, and only 4706 Hindus, while the balance is made up by Christians, Sikhs and other denominations. Out of the total number 280 in the thousand are literates. The chief languages spoken are vernaculars of Baluchistan, Pushtu, Panjabi, Urdu and Sindhi, The [v.03 p.0294] Baluchi language belongs to the Iranian branch of the Aryan subfamily of the Indo-European family. It is divided into two main dialects which are so different that speakers of the one are almost unintelligible to speakers of the other. These two dialects are separated by the belt of Brahui and Sindhi speakers who occupy the Sarawan and Jalawan hills, and Las Bela. Owing probably to the fact that Makran was for many generations under the rule of the Persian kings, the Baluchi spoken on the west of the province, which is also called Makrani, is more largely impregnated with Persian words and expressions than the Eastern dialect. In the latter the words in use for common objects and acts are nearly all pure Baluchi, the remainder of the language being borrowed from Persian, Sindhi and Panjabi. There is no indigenous literature, but many specimens of poetry exist in which heroes and brave deeds are commemorated, and a good many of these have been collected from time to time. The philological classification of the Brahui dialect has been much disputed, but the latest enquiries, conducted by Dr G. A. Grierson, have resulted in his placing it among the Dravidian languages. It is remarkable to find in Baluchistan a Dravidian tongue, surrounded on all sides by Aryan languages, and with the next nearest branch of the same family located so far away as the Gond hills of central India. Brahui has no literature of its own, and such knowledge as we possess of it is due to European scholars, such as Bellew, Trumpp and Caldwell. Numerically the Brahuis are the strongest race in Baluchistan. They number nearly 300,000 souls. Next to them and numbering nearly 200,000 are Pathans. After this there is a drop to 80,000 mixed Baluchis and less than 40,000 Lasis (Lumris) of Las Bela. There are thirteen indigenous tribes of Pathan origin, of which the Kakars (_q.v._) are by far the most important, numbering more than 100,000 souls. They are to be found in the largest numbers in Zhob, Quetta, Pishin and Thal-Chotiali, but there are a few of them in Kalat and Chagai also. The most important Baluch tribes are the Marris, the Bughtis, the Boledis, the Domkis, the Magassis and the Rinds. Owing partly to the tribal system, and partly to the levelling effect of Islam, nothing similar to the Brahmanical system of social precedent is to be found in Baluchistan. Entry: BALUCHISTAN