JU-JUTSU or JIU<b>-JITSU (a Chino-Japanese term, meaning muscle-science), the Japanese method of offence and defence without weapons in personal encounter, upon which is founded the system of physical culture universal in Japan. Some historians assert that it was founded by a Japanese physician who learned its rudiments while studying in China, but most writers maintain that ju-jutsu was in common use in Japan centuries earlier, and that it was known in the 7th century B.C. Originally it was an art practised solely by the nobility, and particularly by the samurai who, possessing the right, denied to commoners, of carrying swords, were thus enabled to show their superiority over common people even when without weapons. It was a secret art, jealously guarded from those not privileged to use it, until the feudal system was abandoned in Japan, and now ju-jutsu is taught in the schools, as well as in public and private gymnasia. In the army, navy and police it receives particular attention. About the beginning of the 20th century, masters of the art began to attract attention in Europe and America, and schools were established in Great Britain and the United States, as well as on the continent of Europe. Entry: JU
JOINTS (anatomy) JUBILEES, BOOK OF JOINTS (engineering) JUBILEE YEAR JOINTS (geology) JÚCAR JOINTURE JUD, LEO JOINVILLE JUDAEA JOINVILLE, FRANÇOIS LOUIS MARIE JUDAH JOINVILLE, JEAN JUDAS ISCARIOT JOIST JUDAS-TREE JÓKAI, MAURUS JUDD, SYLVESTER JOKJAKARTA JUDE, THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF JOLIET JUDGE JOLLY JUDGE-ADVOCATE-GENERAL JOLY DE LOTBINIÈRE, GUSTAVE JUDGES, THE BOOK OF JOMINI, ANTOINE HENRI JUDGMENT JOMMELLI, NICCOLA JUDGMENT DEBTOR JONAH (prophet) JUDGMENT SUMMONS JONAH, RABBI JUDICATURE ACTS JONAS, JUSTUS JUDITH, THE BOOK OF JONATHAN JUDSON, ADONIRAM JONCIÈRES, VICTORIN JUEL, JENS JONES, ALFRED GILPIN JUEL, NIELS JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS JUG JONES, EBENEZER JUGE, BOFFILLE DE JONES, ERNEST CHARLES JUGGERNAUT JONES, HENRY JUGGLER JONES, HENRY ARTHUR JUGURTHA JONES, INIGO JUJU JONES, JOHN JUJUBE JONES, JOHN PAUL JU-JUTSU or JIU<b>-JITSU JONES, MICHAEL JUJUY JONES, OWEN (Welsh antiquary) JUKES, JOSEPH BEETE JONES, OWEN (British architect) JULIAN JONES, RICHARD JÜLICH JONES, THOMAS RUPERT JULIEN, STANISLAS JONES, WILLIAM JULIUS JONES, SIR WILLIAM JULLIEN, LOUIS ANTOINE JÖNKÖPING JULLUNDUR JONSON, BEN JULY JOPLIN JUMALA JOPPA JUMIÈGES JORDAENS, JACOB JUMILLA JORDAN, CAMILLE JUMNA JORDAN, DOROTHEA JUMPING JORDAN, THOMAS JUMPING-HARE JORDAN, WILHELM JUMPING-MOUSE JORDAN (river) JUMPING-SHREW JORDANES JUNAGARH JORDANUS JUNCACEAE JORIS, DAVID JUNCTION CITY JORTIN, JOHN JUNE JOSEPH (Old Testament) JUNEAU JOSEPH (New Testament) JUNG, JOHANN HEINRICH JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA JUNG BAHADUR, SIR JOSEPH I. JUNG-BUNZLAU JOSEPH II. JUNGFRAU JOSEPH, FATHER JUNGLE JOSEPHINE JUNIN JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS JUNIPER JOSHEKAN JUNIUS JOSHUA, BOOK OF JUNIUS, FRANZ JOSHUA THE STYLITE JUNK JOSIAH JUNKER, WILHELM JÓSIKA, MIKLOS [NICHOLAS] JUNKET JOSIPPON JUNO JOSS JUNOT, ANDOCHE JOST, ISAAK MARKUS JUNOT, LAURE JOTUNHEIM JUNTA JOUBERT, BARTHÉLEMY CATHERINE JUPITER (Roman deity) JOUBERT, JOSEPH JUPITER (planet) JOUBERT, PETRUS JACOBUS JUR JOUFFROY, JEAN JURA (department of France) JOUFFROY, THÉODORE SIMON JURA (island) JOUGS JURA (mountains) JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT JURASSIC JOURDAN, JEAN BAPTISTE JURAT JOURNAL JURIEN DE LA GRAVIÈRE, JEAN EDMOND JOURNEY JURIEU, PIERRE JOUVENET, JEAN JURIS JOUY, VICTOR JOSEPH ÉTIENNE DE JURISDICTION JOVELLANOS, GASPAR MELCHOR DE JURISPRUDENCE JOVELLAR Y SOLER, JOAQUIN JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE JOVIAN JURJANI JOVINIANUS JURY JOVIUS, PAULUS JUS PRIMAE NOCTIS JOWETT, BENJAMIN JUS RELICTAE JOYEUSE JUSSERAND, JEAN ADRIEN ANTOINE JULES JOYEUSE ENTRÉE JUSSIEU, DE JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS JUSTICE JUANGS JUSTICE OF THE PEACE JUAN MANUEL, DON JUSTICIAR JUAREZ, BENITO PABLO JUSTICIARY, HIGH COURT OF JUBA (kings of Numidia) JUSTIFICATION JUBA (African river) JUSTIN I. JUBBULPORE JUSTIN II. JUBÉ JUSTIN (Roman historian) JUBILEE (or Jubile), YEAR OF JUSTINIAN I. Entry: JOINTS
Many writers translate the term ju-jutsu "to conquer by yielding" (Jap. _ju_, pliant), and this phrase well expresses a salient characteristic of the art, since the weight and strength of the opponent are employed to his own undoing. When, for example, a big man rushes at a smaller opponent, the smaller man, instead of seeking to oppose strength to strength, falls backwards or sidewise, pulling his heavy adversary after him and taking advantage of his loss of balance to gain some lock or hold known to the science. This element of yielding in order to conquer is thus referred to in Lafcadio Hearn's _Out of the East_: "In jiu<b>-jitsu there is a sort of counter for every twist, wrench, pull, push or bend: only the jiu<b>-jitsu expert does not oppose such movements. No; he yields to them. But he does much more than that. He aids them with a wicked sleight that causes the assailant to put out his own shoulder, to fracture his own arm, or, in a desperate case, even to break his own neck or back." Entry: JU