JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY JOHN XIX. JEW, THE WANDERING JOHN XXI. JEWEL, JOHN JOHN XXII. JEWELRY JOHN XXIII. JEWETT, SARAH ORNE JOHN I. (Roman emperor) JEWS JOHN II. JEWSBURY, GERALDINE ENDSOR JOHN III. JEW'S EARS JOHN IV. JEW'S HARP JOHN V. or VI. JEZEBEL JOHN VI. or V. JEZREEL JOHN VI. or VII. JHABUA JOHN (king of England) JHALAWAR JOHN I. (king of Aragon) JHANG JOHN II. JHANSI JOHN (king of Bohemia) JHELUM (Indian river) JOHN I. (king of Castile) JHELUM (Indian town) JOHN II. JHERING, RUDOLF VON JOHN I. (king of France) JIBITOS JOHN II. JIBUTI JOHN (king of Hungary) JICARILLA JOHN OF BRIENNE JIDDA JOHN III. (king of Poland) JIG JOHN I. (king of Portugal) JIHAD JOHN II. JIMENES DE CISNEROS, FRANCISCO JOHN III. JIND JOHN IV. JINGO JOHN V. JINN JOHN VI. JIRECEK, JOSEF JOHN (king of Saxony) JIZAKH JOHN I. (duke of Brabant) JOAB JOHN (margrave of Brandenburg-Cüstrin) JOACHIM OF FLORIS JOHN (duke of Burgundy) JOACHIM I. JOHN (elector of Saxony) JOACHIM II. JOHN, DON (of Austria) JOACHIM, JOSEPH JOHN, DON (the younger) JOAN JOHN OF BEVERLEY, ST JOAN OF ARC JOHN OF THE CROSS, ST JOANES, VICENTE JOHN OF ASIA JOANNA JOHN OF DAMASCUS JOANNA I. JOHN OF HEXHAM JOANNA II. JOHN OF IRELAND JOASH JOHN OF RAVENNA JOB JOHN OF SALISBURY JOBST JOHN (of Swabia) JOB'S TEARS JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF JOCASTA JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST JOCKEY JOHN ALBERT JODELLE, ÉTIENNE JOHN ANGELUS JODHPUR JOHN FREDERICK I. JOEL JOHN FREDERICK (duke of Saxony) JOEL, MANUEL JOHN GEORGE I. JOFFRIN, JULES ALEXANDRE JOHN MAURICE OF NASSAU JOGUES, ISAAC JOHN O' GROAT'S HOUSE JO[H.]ANAN BEN ZACCAI JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY JOHANNESBURG (city of Transvaal) JOHNSON, ANDREW JOHANNISBERG (German village) JOHNSON, BENJAMIN JOHN (proper name) JOHNSON, EASTMAN JOHN (the Apostle) JOHNSON, REVERDY JOHN THE BAPTIST JOHNSON, RICHARD JOHN I. (pope) JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR JOHN II. JOHNSON, SAMUEL JOHN III. JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS JOHN IV. JOHNSON, THOMAS JOHN V. JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM JOHN VI. JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY JOHN VII. JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER JOHN VIII. JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH JOHN IX. JOHNSTON, ARTHUR JOHN X. JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON JOHN XI. JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON JOHN XII. JOHNSTONE JOHN XIII. JOHNSTOWN (New York, U.S.A.) JOHN XIV. JOHNSTOWN (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) JOHN XV. JOHOR JOHN XVI. JOIGNY JOHN XVII. JOINDER JOHN XVIII. JOINERY JOINT Entry: JEVONS
Though the early years of his reign were marked by numerous disasters, famine, pestilence and earthquake, of which the second seems to have been exceedingly serious, he reunited under his sway the whole of the empire which had belonged to his brother, and his generals conquered for him parts of Mesopotamia and Armenia, and in 1215 he got possession of Yemen. He followed the plan of dividing his empire between his sons, the eldest Mahommed, called _Malik al-Kamil_, being his viceroy in Egypt, while al-Mu'azzam 'Isa governed Syria, al-Ashraf Musa his eastern and al-Malik al-Auhad Ayyub his northern possessions. His attitude towards the Franks was at the first peaceful, but later in his reign he was compelled to adopt more strenuous measures. His death occurred at Alikin (1218), a village near Damascus, while the Franks were besieging Damietta--the first operation of the Fifth Crusade--which was defended by al-Kamil, to whom his father kept sending reinforcements. The efforts of al-Kamil after his accession to the independent sovereignty were seriously hindered by the endeavour of an amir named Ahmed b. Mashtub to depose him and appoint in his place a brother called al-Fa'iz Sabiq al-din Ibrahim: this attempt was frustrated by the timely interposition of al-Mu'azzam 'Isa, who came to Egypt to aid his brother in February 1219, and compelled al-Fa'iz to depart for Mosul. After a siege of sixteen and a half months Damietta was taken by the Franks on Tuesday the 6th of November 1219; al-Kamil thereupon proclaimed the Jihad, and was joined at his fortified camp, afterwards the site of Mansura, by troops from various parts of Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia, including the forces of his brothers 'Isa and Musa. With these allies, and availing himself of the advantages offered by the inundation of the Nile, al-Kamil was able to cut off both the advance and the retreat of the invaders, and on the 31st of August 1221 a peace was concluded, by which the Franks evacuated Egypt. Entry: 5
The translation of the Quran by 'Abdu-l-Qadir was finished in 1803, and first published by Sayyid 'Abdullah, a fervent disciple of Sayyid Ahmad, at Hughli in 1829. The _Tambihu-l-ghafilin_, or "Awakener of the Heedless," a work in Persian by Sayyid Ahmad, was rendered into Urdu by 'Abdullah, and published at the same press in 1830. Haji Isma'il was the author of a treatise in Urdu entitled _Taqwiyatu-l-Iman_ ("Confirmation of the Faith"), which had great vogue among the following of the Sayyid. Other works by the disciples of the _Tariqah-e Muhammadiyyah_ (as the new preaching was called) are the _Targhib-i Jihad_ ("Incitation to Holy War"), _Hidayatu-l-Muminin_ ("Guide of the Believers"), _Muzihu-l-Kabair_ wa-l-Bid'ah ("Exposition of Mortal Sins and Heresy"), _Naslhatu-l-Muslimin_ ("Admonition to Muslims"), and the _Mi'at Masail_, or "Hundred Questions." Entry: 4