Wenn mancher Mann wusste, / Wer mancher Mann war', / That' mancher Mann manchem Mann / Manchmal mehr Ehr'=--If many a man knew who many a man was, many a man would do many a time more honour to many a man.
Gut verloren, etwas verloren; / Ehre verloren, viel verloren; / Mut verloren, alles verloren=--Wealth lost, something lost; honour lost, much lost; courage lost, all lost.
Nichtswurdig ist die Nation, die nicht / Ihr Alles freudig setzt an ihre Ehre=--Worthless is the nation that does not gladly stake its all on its honour.
From the consideration of these facts, Ehrenberg, as early as the year 1839, had arrived at the conclusion that rocks, altogether similar to those which constitute a large part of the crust of the earth, must be forming, at the present day, at the bottom of the sea; and he threw out the suggestion that even where no trace of organic structure is to be found in the older rocks, it may have been lost by metamorphosis.
Den Menschen Liebe, den Gottern Ehrfurcht=--To men, affection; to gods, reverence.
Among the scientific instructions for the voyage* drawn up by a committee of the Royal Society, there is a remarkable letter from Von Humboldt to Lord Minto, then First Lord of the Admiralty, in which, among other things, he dwells upon the significance of the researches into the microscopic composition of rocks, and the discovery of the great share which microscopic organisms take in the formation of the crust of the earth at the present day, made by Ehrenberg in the years 1836-39. Ehrenberg, in fact, had shown that the extensive beds of "rotten-stone" or "Tripoli" which occur in various parts of the world, and notably at Bilin in Bohemia, consisted of accumulations of the silicious cases and skeletons of _Diatomaceæ_ sponges, and _Radiolaria_; he had proved that similar deposits were being formed by Diatomaceæ, in the pools of the Thiergarten in Berlin and elsewhere, and had pointed out that, if it were commercially worth while, rotten-stone might be manufactured by a process of diatom-culture. Observations conducted at Cuxhaven, in 1839, had revealed the existence, at the surface of the waters of the Baltic, of living Diatoms and _Radiolaria_ of the same species as those which, in a fossil state, constitute extensive rocks of tertiary age at Caltanisetta, Zante, and Oran, on the shores of the Mediterranean.
Moreover, in the fresh-water rotten-stone beds of Bilin, Ehrenberg had traced out the metamorphosis, effected apparently by the action of percolating water, of the primitively loose and friable deposit of organized particles, in which the silex exists in the hydrated or soluble condition. The silex, in fact undergoes solution and slow redeposition, until, in ultimate result, the excessively finegrained sand, each particle of which is a skeleton, becomes converted into a dense opaline stone, with only here and there an indication of an organism.
Die Schonheit ist verganglich, die ihr doch / Allein zu ehren scheint. Was ubrig bleibt, / Das reizt nicht mehr, und was nicht reizt, ist tot=--Beauty is transitory, which yet you seem alone to worship. What is left no longer attracts, and what does not attract is dead.
Es ist ode, nichts ehren konnen, als sich selbst=--It is dreary for a man to be able to worship nothing but himself.
Kein Mann ist im Stande, den Werth eines Weibes zu fuhlen, das nicht sich zu ehren weiss=--No man is able to feel the worth of a woman who knows not how to respect herself.
Das Herz und nicht die Meinung ehrt den Mann=--It is his heart, and not his opinion, that is an honour to a man.
Lieut Brooke, of the American Navy, some years ago invented a most ingenious machine, by which a considerable portion of the superficial layer of the sea-bottom can be scooped out and brought up from any depth to which the lead descends. In 1853, Lieut. Brooke obtained mud from the bottom of the North Atlantic, between Newfoundland and the Azores, at a depth of more than 10,000 feet, or two miles, by the help of this sounding apparatus. The specimens were sent for examination to Ehrenberg of Berlin, and to Bailey of West Point, and those able microscopists found that this deep-sea mud was almost entirety composed of the skeletons of living organisms--the greater proportion of these being just like the _Globigerinæ_ already known to occur in the chalk.
Schon ist der Friede! Ein lieblicher Knabe / Liegt er gelagert am ruhigen Bach.... / Aber der Krieg auch hat seine Ehre, / Der Beweger des Menschensgeschicks=--Beautiful is Peace! A lovely boy lies he reclining by a quiet rill. But war too has its honour, the promoter as it is of the destiny of man.
Nach Ehre geizt die Jugend; / Lass dich den Ehrgeiz nicht verfuhren=--Youth is covetous of honour; let not this covetousness seduce thee.
Der Mensch ist nicht geboren frei zu sein / Und fur den Edeln ist kein schoner Gluck / Als einem Furst, den er ehrt, zu dienen=--Man is not born to be free; and for the noble soul there is no fairer fortune than to serve a prince whom he regards with honour.
3. Heterotrichaceae. (a) Wreath spiral; _Stentor_ Oken. (fig. iii. 2), oval when free, trumpet-shaped when attached by pseudopods at apex, and then often secreting a gelatinous tube; _Blepharisma_ Perty, sometimes parasitic in Heliozoa; _Spirostomum_ Ehr., cylindrical, up to 1´´ in length; (b) Wreath straight, often oblique; _Nyctotherus_ Leidy, parasitic anus always visible; _Balantidium_ Cl. and L., parasitic (_B. coli_ in man); _Bursaria_, O.F.M., hollowed into an oval pouch, with the wreath inside. Entry: 3
(a) Fam. Urceolaridae: posterior wreath permanently present around sucker-like base. _Trichodina_ Ehr. (fig. iii. 8, 9), epizoic on Hydra; _Lichnophora_ Cl. and L.; _Cyclochaeta_ Hatchett Jackson; _Gerda_ Cl. and L.; _Scyphidia_ Duj. Entry: 6
ANZENGRUBER, LUDWIG (1839-1889), Austrian dramatist and novelist, was born at Vienna on the 29th of November 1839. He was educated at the _Realschule_ of his native town, and then entered a bookseller's shop; from 1860 to 1867 he was an actor, without, however, displaying any marked talent, although his stage experience later stood him in good stead. In 1869 he became a clerk in the Viennese police department, but having in the following year made a success with his anti-clerical drama, _Der Pfarrer von Kirchfeld_, he gave up his appointment and devoted himself entirely to literature. He died at Vienna on the both of December 1889. Anzengruber was exceedingly fertile in ideas, and wrote a great many plays. They are mostly of Austrian peasant life, and although somewhat melancholy in tone are interspersed with bright and witty scenes. Among the best known are _Der Meineidbauer_ (1871), _Die Kreuzelschreiber_ (1872), _Der G'wissenswurm_ (1874), _Hand und Herz_ (1875), _Doppelselbstmord_ (1875), _Das vierte Gebot_ (1877), and _Der Fleck auf der Ehr'_ (1889). Anzengruber also published a novel of considerable merit, _Der Schandfleck_ (1876; remodelled 1884); and various short stories and tales of village life collected under the title _Wolken und Sunn'schein_ (1888). Entry: ANZENGRUBER
Subfam. 1. Vorticellinae animals naked. (i.) Solitary; _Vorticella_ Linn. (fig. iii. 11-17), stalk hollow with spiral muscle; _Pyxidium_ S. Kent, stalk non-contractile. (ii.) Forming colonies by budding on a branched stalk: _Carchesium_ Ehr., hollow branches and muscles discontinuous; _Zoothamnium_. Ehr., branched hollow stem and muscle continuous through colony; _Epistylis_ Ehr., stalk rigid--(the animal body in these three genera has the same characters as _Vorticella_)--_Campanella_ Goldf., stalked like _Epistylis_, wreath of many turns (nematocysts sometimes present) (fig. iii. 19); _Opercularia_, stalk of _Epistylis_, disk supporting wreath obconical, collar very high (fig. iii. 20). Entry: 6
15. _Dinobryon sertularia_, Ehr. (_Chrysomonadidae_). a = nucleus. b = contractile vacuole. c = amylon nucleus. d = free colourless flagellates, probably not belonging to Dinobryon. e = stigma (eye-spot). f = chromatophors. Entry: 15
3. Cupped forms; _Solenophrya_ Cl. and L., cup sessile; _Acineta_ Ehr., cup stalked; _Acinetopsis_ Bütschli, like _Acineta_, but the cup flattened, closed distally with only slit-like apertures ("pylomes") for the bundles of tentacles; _Podocyathus_, like _Acineta_, but with pointed as well as knobbed tentacles. Entry: 3
2. Stalked simple forms; _Podophrya_ Ehr. (fig. viii. 10, 13, 16), tentacles all knobbed or flared; _Ephelota_ Strethill Wright, tentacles all pointed; _Hemiophrya_ S. Kent (fig. viii. 8, 9, 14), tentacles of both kinds; _Choanophrya_ Hartog, tentacles thick, truncate, very retractile, when expanded opening into funnels for aspiration of floating prey, never for attachment--epizoic on antero-ventral parts of _Cyclops_. Entry: 2
17-20, _Dendrosoma radians_, Ehr.:--17, free-swimming ciliated embryo. 18, Earliest fixed condition of the embryo. 19, Later stage, a single tentaculiferous process now developed. 20, Adult colony; c, enclosed ciliated embryos; d, branching stolon; e, more minute reproductive (?) bodies. Entry: 17
Four absurd church cantatas are printed for conscience' sake in _Jahrgang_ xliii. More important than these, because by no means too obviously ridiculous to deceive a careless listener, is the well-known 8-part motet, _Lob, Ehr' und Weisheit_ (blessing and glory and wisdom). A closer acquaintance shows that it is really very poor stuff; and it was finally crowned with absurdity by the discovery that its composer was a contemporary of Bach,--and that his name was Wagner. Entry: VI
The mother of the year should be a sterilized woman with two adopted children. -- Paul Ehrlich</p>
8. Basal, and 9, side (inverted) views of _Trichodina pediculus_, Ehr.; a, meganucleus; c, basal collar and ring of hooks; d, mouth; contractile vacuole and oral tube seen by transparency in 8. Entry: 8
Subfam. 2. Vaginicolinae; body enclosed in a firm theca: _Vaginicola_ Lam., shell simple, sessile; _Thuricola_ St. Wright, shell sessile, with a valve opening inwards (fig. iii. 25-26); _Cothurnia_ Ehr., shell stalked, simple; _Pyxicola_ S. Kent, shell stalked, closed by an infraperistomial opercular thickening on the body (fig. iii. 21-22). Entry: 6
13. _Euglena viridis_, Ehr.; × 300 (_Euglenidae_). a = pigment spot (stigma). b = clear space. c = paramylum granules. d = chromatophor (endochrome plate). 14. _Gonium pectorale_, O. F. Müller (_Volvocineae_). Colony seen from the flat side; × 300. a = nucleus. b = contractile vacuole. c = amylon nucleus. Entry: 13
(1) Things will get worse before they get better.
(2) Who said things would get better?
2. Aspirotrichaceae. _Paramecium_ Hill (fig. ii. 1-3); _Ophryoglena_ Ehr.; _Colpoda_ O. F. Müller; _Colpidium_ St.; _Lembus_ Cohn, with posterior strong cilium for springing; _Leucophrys_ St.; _Urocentrum_ Nitsch, bare, with polar and equatorial zones and a posterior tuft of long cilia; _Opalinopsis_ Foetlinger (fig. i. 1, 2); _Anoplophyra_ St. (fig. i. 3, 4). (The last two parasitic mouthless genera are placed here doubtfully.) Entry: 2
1. Gymnostomaceae. (a) Ciliation general or not confined to one surface. _Coleps_ Ehr., with pellicle locally hardened into mailed plates; _Trachelocerca_ Ehr.; _Prorodon_ Ehr. (fig. i. 6, 7); _Trachelius_ Ehr., with branching endosarc (fig. i. 8); _Lacrymaria_ Ehr. (fig. i. 5), body produced into a long neck with terminal mouth surrounded by offensive trichocysts; _Dileptus_ Duj., of similar form, but anterior process, blind, preoral; _Ichthyophthirius_ Fouquet (fig. i. 9-12), cilia represented by two girdles of membranellae; _Didinium_ St. (fig. i. 13), cilia in tufts, surface with numerous tentacles each with a strong terminal trichocyst; _Actinobolus_ Stein, body with one adoral tentacle; Ileonema Stokes. (b) Cilia confined to dorsal surface. _Chilodon_ Ehr.; _Loxodes_ Ehr., body flattened, ciliated on one side only, endosarc as in _Trachelius_; _Dysteria_ Huxley, with the dorsal surface hardened and hinged along the median line into a bivalve shell, ciliated only on ventral surface, with a protrusible foot-like process, and a complex pharyngeal armature. (c) Cilia restricted to a single equatorial girdle, strong (probably membranelles); _Mesodinium_, mouth 4-lobed. Entry: 1
QOTD: Ludwig Boltzmann, who spend much of his life studying statistical mechanics died in 1906 by his own hand. Paul Ehrenfest, carrying on the work, died similarly in 1933. Now it is our turn. -- Goodstein, States of Matter
4. Tentacles in bundles at the tips of one or more processes or branches of the body. _Ophryodendron_ Cl. and L., tentaculiferous process single (fig. viii. 21); _Dendrocometes_ Stein (fig. viii. 15), body rounded, processes repeatedly branched, epizoic on gills of _Gammarus pulex_; _Dendrosoma_ Ehr. (fig. viii. 17-20), body freely branched from a basal attached stolon, meganucleus branching with the body. Entry: 4
Genera.--_Chlorangium_ (Stein), lacking green chlorophyll; _Chlorogonium_ (Ehr.) (Fig. 1, 6, 7); _Polytoma_ (Ehr.) (Fig. 2, 8); _Chlamydomonas_ (Ehr.) (Fig. 1, 1, 2, 3); _Haematococcus_ (Agardh) (= _Chlamydococcus_, A. Braun, Stein); _Protococcus_ (Conn, Huxley and Martin); _Chlamydomonas_ (Cienkowski), causes red snow and "bloody rain"; _Carteria_ (Diesing), quadri-flagellate; _Spondytomorum_ (Ehrb.), forming floating colonies; _Coccomonas_ (St.); _Phacotus_ (Perty); _Zoochlorella_ (Brandt), is the name given to undetermined Chlamydomonads found multiplying in the resting state within and in symbiotic relation to other Protozoa, to the freshwater sponge, _Ephydatia_, _Hydra viridis_, and to the Turbellarian, _Convoluta viridis_ (in which last species the active form has been recognized as a _Carteria_). Entry: 6
Amid the wildest confusion Ehrlich offered a resolution, appealing to the workers and soldiers to remain calm and not to respond to provocations to demonstrate, recognising the necessity of immediately creating a Committee of Public Safety, and asking the Provisional Government at once to pass decrees transferring the land to the peasants and beginning peace negotiations....
I pondered some time without fully comprehending the reason for this. Father Mapple enjoyed such a wide reputation for sincerity and sanctity, that I could not suspect him of courting notoriety by any mere tricks of the stage. No, thought I, there must be some sober reason for this thing; furthermore, it must symbolize something unseen. Can it be, then, that by that act of physical isolation, he signifies his spiritual withdrawal for the time, from all outward worldly ties and connexions? Yes, for replenished with the meat and wine of the word, to the faithful man of God, this pulpit, I see, is a self-containing stronghold--a lofty Ehrenbreitstein, with a perennial well of water within the walls.
In November 1908 Mustafa Fehmi, who had been premier since 1895, resigned, and was succeeded by Boutros Pasha, a Copt of marked ability, who had been for several years foreign minister. Boutros incurred the enmity of the "Nationalists" and was murdered in February 1910. (D. M. W.; F. R. C.) Entry: 3
Before his arrival the administration of affairs had again been committed to Ibn Furat, who, on hearing of the threatened invasion, at first proposed to treat with Jauhar for the peaceful surrender of the country; but though at first there was a prospect of this being carried out, the majority of the troops at Fostat preferred to make some resistance, and an advance was made to meet Jauhar in the neighbourhood of Giza. He had little difficulty in defeating the Egyptian army, and on the 6th of July 969 entered Fostat at the head of his forces. The name of Mo'izz was immediately introduced into public prayer, and coins were struck in his name. The Ikshidi governor of Damascus, a cousin of Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad, endeavoured to save Syria, but was defeated at Ramleh by a general sent by Jauhar and taken prisoner. Thus the Ikshidi Dynasty came to an end, and Egypt was transferred from the Eastern to the Western caliphate, of which it furnished the metropolis. Entry: 3
This event finally crushed the Coptic nation, which never again made head against the Moslems. In the following year the caliph Motasim, who surrounded himself with a foreign bodyguard, withdrew the stipends of the Arab soldiers in Egypt; this measure caused some of the Arab tribes who had been long settled in Egypt to revolt, but their resistance was crushed, and the domination of the Arab element in the country from this time gave way to that of foreign mercenaries, who, belonging to one nation or another, held it for most of its subsequent history. Egypt was given in fief to a Turkish general Ashnas (Ashinas), who never visited the country, and the rule of individuals of Turkish origin prevailed till the rise of the Fatimites, who for a time interrupted it. The presence of Turks in Egypt is attested by documents as early as 808. While the governor was appointed by the feudal lord, the finance minister continued to be appointed by the caliph. On the death of Ashnas in 844 Egypt was given in fief to another Turkish general Itakh, but in 850 this person fell out of favour, and the fief was transferred to Montasir, son of the caliph Motawakkil. In 856 it was transferred from him to the vizier Fath b. Khaqan, who for the first time appointed a Turkish governor. The chief places in the state were also filled with Turks. The period between the rise of the Abbasids and the quasi-independent dynasties of Egypt was marked by much religious persecution, occasioned by the fanaticism of some of the caliphs, the victims being generally Moslem sectarians. (For Egypt under Motawakkil see CALIPHATE, § c. par. 10.) Entry: 3
In Upper Egypt the chief towns are nearly all in the narrow valley of the Nile. The exceptions are the towns in the oases comparatively unimportant, and those in the Fayum province. The capital of the Fayum, Medinet el-Fayum, has a population (1907) of 37,320. The chief towns on the Nile, taking them in their order in ascending the river from Cairo, are Beni Suef, Minia, Assiut, Akhmim, Suhag, Girga, Kena, Luxor, Esna, Edfu, Assuan and Korosko. Beni Suef (23,357) is 77 m. from Cairo by rail. It is on the west bank of the river, is the capital of a _mudiria_ and a centre for the manufacture of woollen goods. Minia (27,221) is 77 m. by rail farther south. It is also the capital of a mudiria, has a considerable European colony, possesses a large sugar factory and some cotton mills. It is the starting-point of a road to the Baharia oasis. Assiut (q.v.), pop. 39,442, is 235 m. S. of Cairo by rail, and is the most important commercial centre in Upper Egypt. At this point a barrage is built across the river. Suhag (17,514) is 56 m. by rail S. of Assiut and is the headquarters of Girga mudiria. The ancient and celebrated Coptic monasteries El Abiad (the white) and El Ahmar (the red) are 3 to 4 m. W. and N.W. respectively of Suhag. A few miles above Suhag, on the opposite (east) side of the Nile is Akhmim (q.v.) or Ekhmim (23,795), where silk and cotton goods are made. Girga (q.v.), pop. 19,893, is 22 m. S. by rail of Suhag, and on the same (the west) side of the river. It is noted for its pottery. Kena (q.v.), pop. 20,069, is on the east bank of the Nile, 145 m. by rail from Assiut. It is the chief seat of the manufacture of the porous earthenware water-bottles used all over Egypt. Luxor (q.v.), pop. (with Karnak) 25,229, marks the site of Thebes. It is 418 m. from Cairo, and here the gauge of the railway is altered from broad to narrow. Esna (q.v.), pop. 19,103, is another place where pottery is made in large quantities. It is on the west bank of the Nile, 36 m. by rail S. of Luxor. Edfu (q.v.), pop. 19,262, is also on the west side of the river, 30 m. farther south. It is chiefly famous for its ancient temple. Assuan (q.v.), pop. 12,618, is at the foot of the First Cataract and 551 m. S. of Cairo by rail. Three miles farther south, at Shellal, the Egyptian railway terminates. Korosko, 118 m. by river above Assuan, is a small place notable as the northern terminus of the caravan route from the Sudan across the Nubian desert. Since the building of the railway--which starts 96 m. higher up, at Wadi Halfa--to Khartum, this route is little used, and Korosko has lost what importance it had. Entry: A
During Mehemet Ali's absence in Arabia his representative at Cairo had completed the confiscation, begun in 1808, of almost all the lands belonging to private individuals, who were forced to accept instead inadequate pensions. By this revolutionary method of land "nationalization" Mehemet Ali became proprietor of nearly all the soil of Egypt, an iniquitous measure against which the Egyptians had no remedy. The attempt which in this year (1815) the pasha made to reorganize his troops on European lines led, however, to a formidable mutiny in Cairo. Mehemet Ali's life was endangered, and he sought refuge by night in the citadel, while the soldiery committed many acts of plunder. The revolt was reduced by presents to the chiefs of the insurgents, and Mehemet Ali ordered that the sufferers by the disturbances should receive compensation from the treasury. The project of the _Nizam Gedid_ (New System), as the European system was called, was, in consequence of this mutiny, abandoned for a time. Entry: 1
_Army._--The youth of Egypt was liable to be called upon for service in the field under the local chiefs. Their training consisted of gymnastic and warlike exercises which developed strength and discipline that would be as useful in executing public works and in dragging large monuments as in strictly military service. They were armed in separate companies with bows and arrows, spears, daggers and shields, and the officers carried battle-axes and maces. The army, commanded in chief by Una under the VIth Dynasty for raids in Sinai or Palestine, comprised levies from every part of Egypt and from Nubia, each under its own leader. Under the New Empire, when Egypt was almost a military state, the army was a more specialized institution, the art of war in siege and strategy had developed, divisions were formed with special standards, there were regiments armed with battle-axes and scimitars, and chariots formed an essential part of the host. Egyptian cavalry are not represented upon the monuments, and we hear little of such at any time. Herodotus divides the army into two classes, the Calasiries and the Hermotybies; these names, although he was not aware of it, mean respectively horse- and foot-soldiers, but it is possible that the former name was only traditional and had characterized those who fought from chariots, a mode of warfare that was obsolete in Herodotus's own day: as a matter of fact both classes are said to have served on the warships of Xerxes' fleet. Entry: B
_Striking Tools._--The wooden mallet of club form (1) was used in the VIth and XIIth Dynasties; of the modern mason's form (2) in the XIIth and XVIIIth. The stone mace head was a sharp-edged disk (3), in the prehistoric from 31-40 sequence date; of the pear shape (4) from S.D. 42, which was actually in use till the IVth Dynasty, and represented down to Roman time. The metal or stone hammer with a long handle was unknown till Greek or Roman times; but, for beating out metal, hemispherical stones (5) were held in the hand, and swung at arm's length overhead. Spherical hard stone hammers (6) were held in the hand for dressing down granite. The axe was at the close of the prehistoric age a square slab of copper (7) with one sharp edge; small projecting tails then appeared at each end of the back (8), and increased until the long tail for lashing on to the handle is more than half the length of the axe in an iron one of Roman (?) age (13). Flint axes were made in imitation of metal in the XIIth Dynasty (9). Battle-axes with rounded outline started as merely a sharp edge of metal (10) inserted along a stick (10, 11); they become semicircular (12) by the VIth Dynasty, lengthen to double their width in the XIIth, and then thin out to a waist in the middle by the XVIIIth Dynasty. Flint hoes (14) are common down to the XIIth Dynasty. Small copper hoes (15) with a hollow socket are probably of about the XXIInd Dynasty. Long iron picks (16), like those of modern navvies, were made by Greeks in the XXVIth Dynasty. Entry: C