Plants selected to bear seed should be set aside for that purpose, and as soon as the capsules are found to be developing properly they should be reduced to six or seven per plant, and all flower-buds picked off as soon as they are large enough to handle. The production of strong seeds is of the utmost importance. Entry: CYCLAMEN
The plants are raised from seed, and, with good cultivation, flower in fifteen to eighteen months from date of sowing. Seed should be sown as soon as ripe, in July or August, in pots or pans, filled up to 2½ in. of the rim with broken crocks for drainage. The soil should consist of fibrous yellow loam, leaf-mould in flakes, and coarse silver-sand, in equal parts. Sow the seed thinly--¼ in. to ½ in. apart--and cover with a very thin sprinkling of the soil. Protect with a square of glass covered with a piece of brown paper for shade, and place on a shelf in a warm greenhouse. The soil should never be allowed to get dry. Entry: CYCLAMEN
Abutilon Coleus Lachenalia+ Acacia Coprosma Lantana Agapanthus Cordyline Lapageria* Agathaea Correa Lilium+ Agave Cuphea Lophospermum* Alonsoa Cyclamen+ Mandevillea* Aloysia Cyperus Manettia* Amaryllis+ Cytisus Mutisia* Ardisia Darwinia (Genetyllis) Myrsiphyllum* Asparagus Diosma Maurandya* Aspidistra Dracaena Nerine+ Asystasia (Mackaya) Eccremocarpus* Nerium Azalea Epacris Pelargonium Bauera Epiphyllum Petunia Begonia+ Erica Pimelia Blandfordia Eriostemon Plumbago* Bomarea* Erythrina Polianthes+ Boronia Eucalyptus Primula Bougainvillea* Eupatorium Rhododendron Bouvardia Eurya Richardia (Calla)+ Brugmansia Ficus Salvia Calceolaria Fuchsia Sarracenia Camellia Grevillea Solanum Campanula Haemanthus+ Sparmannia Canna Heliotropium Statice Celosia Hibiscus Strelitzia Cestrum* Hoya* Streptocarpus Chorizema* Hydrangea Swainsonia Chrysanthemum Impatiens Tacsonia* Cineraria Jasminum* Tecoma Clianthus Justicia Tradescantia Clivia Kalosanthes Vallota+ Cobaea* Entry: GREENHOUSE
CUBE CURWEN, JOHN CUBEBS CURZOLA CUBICLE CURZON OF KEDLESTON, GEORGE NATHANIEL CUBITT, THOMAS CUSANUS, NICOLAUS CUBITT, SIR WILLIAM CUSH CUCHULINN CUSHING, CALEB CUCKOO CUSHING, WILLIAM BARKER CUCKOO-SPIT CUSHION CUCUMBER CUSHMAN, CHARLOTTE SAUNDERS CUCURBITACEAE CUSP CUDDALORE CUSTARD APPLE CUDDAPAH CUSTER, GEORGE ARMSTRONG CUDWORTH, RALPH CUSTINE, ADAM PHILIPPE CUENCA (city of Ecuador) CUSTOM CUENCA (province of Spain) CUSTOMARY FREEHOLD CUENCA (city of Spain) CUSTOM-HOUSE CUESTA CUSTOM DUTIES CUEVAS DE VERA CUSTOS ROTULORUM CUFF CUSTOZZA CUIRASS CÜSTRIN CUIRASSIERS CUTCH CUJAS, JACQUES CUTCH, GULF OF CULDEES CUTCH, RUNN OF CULEBRA CUTHBERT, SAINT CULLEN, PAUL CUTLASS CULLEN, WILLIAM CUTLER, MANASSEH CULLEN CUTLERY CULLERA CUTTACK CULLINAN CUTTLE-FISH CULLODEN CUTTS OF GOWRAN, JOHN CUTTS CULM CUVIER, GEORGES LÉOPOLD DAGOBERT CULMINATION CUVILLES, FRANÇOIS DE CULPRIT CUXHAVEN CULROSS CUYABÁ CULTIVATOR CUYAPO CUMAE CUYP CUMANÁ CUZA, ALEXANDER JOHN CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF CUZCO CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (English philosopher) CYANAMIDE CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (English dramatist) CYANIC ACID AND CYANATES CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS CYANIDE CUMBERLAND (county of England) CYANITE CUMBERLAND (Maryland, U.S.A.) CYANOGEN CUMBERLAND (Rhode Island, U.S.A.) CYAXARES CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS CYBELE CUMBERLAND RIVER CYCLADES CUMBRAES, THE CYCLAMEN CUMIN CYCLE CUMMERBUND CYCLING CUMMING, JOSEPH GEORGE CYCLOID CUMNOCK AND HOLMHEAD CYCLOMETER CUNARD, SIR SAMUEL CYCLONE CUNAS CYCLOPEAN MASONRY CUNDINAMARCA CYCLOPES CUNEIFORM CYCLOSTOMATA CUNEO CYCLOSTYLE CUNEUS CYGNUS CUNITZ, MARIA CYLINDER CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER CYLLENE CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN CYMA CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (Scottish theologian) CYMBALS CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (English economist) CYNEGILS CUP CYNEWULF (king of Wessex) CUPAR CYNEWULF (Old-English poet) CUPBOARD CYNICS CUPID CYNOSURE CUPOLA CYPERACEAE CUPPING CY-PRÈS CUPRA CYPRESS CUPRITE CYPRIAN, SAINT CUPULIFERAE CYPRINODONTS CURAÇAO CYPRUS CURAÇOA CYPRUS, CHURCH OF CURASSOW CYPSELUS CURATE CYRANO DE BERGERAC, SAVINIEN CURATOR CYRENAICA CURCI, CARLO MARIA CYRENAICS CUREL, FRANÇOIS CYRENE CURÉLY, JEAN NICOLAS CYRIL (bishop of Jerusalem) CURES CYRIL (bishop of Alexandria) CURETES CYRIL (apostle of the Slavs) CURETON, WILLIAM CYRILLIC CURETUS CYRILLUS CURFEW CYRTO-STYLE CURIA CYRUS CURIA REGIS CYSTOFLAGELLATA CURIA ROMANA CYSTOLITH CURICÓ CYTHERA CURIE, PIERRE CYTISINE CURIO, GAIUS SCRIBONIUS CYTOLOGY CURITYBA CYZICENUS CURLEW CYZICUS CURLING, THOMAS BLIZARD CZARNIECKI, STEPHEN CURLING CZARTORYSKI, ADAM GEORGE CURLL, EDMUND CZARTORYSKI, FRYDERYK MICHAL CURRAGH CZECH CURRAN, JOHN PHILPOT CZENSTOCHOWA CURRANT CZERNOWITZ CURRICLE CZERNY, KARL CURRIE, SIR DONALD D CURRIE, JAMES DACCA CURRY DACE CURSOR, LUCIUS PAPIRIUS DACH, SIMON CURSOR MUNDI DACIA CURTAIN DACIER, ANDRÉ CURTANA DACITE CURTEA DE ARGESH DACOIT CURTESY DA COSTA, ISAAK CURTILAGE DACTYL CURTIN ANDREW GREGG DAEDALUS CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR DAFFODIL CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM DAFYDD AB GWILYM CURTIUS, ERNST DAGGER CURTIUS, MARCUS DAGHESTAN CURTIUS RUFUS, QUINTUS DAGO CURULE DAGOBERT I. CURVE DAGON CURVILINEAR DAGUERRE, LOUIS JACQUES MANDÉ CURWEN, HUGH Entry: CUBE
Plants grown for market purposes, either for decoration or for seed, are sown later than the above, are kept cooler, and during summer receive more ventilation and less shade. This results in the production of plants with much smaller and more erect leaves, which travel well. They are flowered in spring and early summer. The species grown for this purpose is _C. persicum_. Entry: CYCLAMEN
When the seedlings appear, remove the covering, care being taken that they do not suffer for want of shade, water or a moist atmosphere. As soon as the third leaf appears, repot singly into thumb-pots in slightly coarser soil, so that the crowns of the little plants are just above the level of the soil. In December transfer into a little richer soil, consisting of two parts fibrous loam broken into small bits by hand and the fine particles rejected, one part flaked leaf-mould, passed through a half-inch sieve, half a part of plant ash from the burnt refuse heap and half a part of coarse silver-sand. Keep through the winter in a moist atmosphere at a temperature not below 50° Fahr., and as near the glass as possible. In March they should be ready for their next shift into 5-in. pots. The potting compost should be the same as for the last shift, with the addition of half a part of well-sweetened manure, such as a spent mushroom bed. Keep in a warm moist atmosphere and shade from strong sunlight. In June remove to cold frames and stand them on inverted pots well clear of one another. Slugs show a marked partiality for the succulent young leaves and should be excluded by dusting round the frames occasionally with newly slaked lime. The inverted pots serve as traps. The frames may thus be frequently syringed without keeping the plants unduly wet. Shade heavily from direct sunlight, but afford as much diffused light as practicable. Ventilate on all favourable occasions, and close the frames early after copious syringing. Entry: CYCLAMEN
By the end of the month they will be ready for the final shift into 7-in. pots. Much care must be used in handling them, the leaves being large, tender and numerous. The soil is as for the last potting. The frames should be kept close and heavily shaded for a few days after potting; then gradually reduce shade and increase ventilation. By the end of July the elegance of the foliage alone should well repay the care bestowed on them. From this time onwards very little shading will be needed, the object of the cultivator being to harden the growth already made. With the advent of cool weather in September, remove to flowering quarters in a warm greenhouse. Flowering will begin in November and will continue through the winter and spring. The damping off of the flower-buds may occasionally prove troublesome during winter. This may generally be traced to checks, such as sudden changes in temperature, too low a temperature, careless watering, &c. During spring plants that are flowering freely will require weak manure water about twice a week. Entry: CYCLAMEN
The _Greenhouse_ is a structure designed for the growth of such exotic plants as require to be kept during winter in a temperature considerably above the freezing-point. The best form is the span-roofed, a single span being better even than a series of spans such as form the ridge-and-furrow roof. For plant culture, houses at a comparatively low pitch are better than higher ones where the plants have to stand at a greater distance from the glass, and therefore in greater gloom. Fig. 3 represents a convenient form of greenhouse. It is 20 ft. wide and 12 ft. high, and may be of any convenient length. The side walls are surmounted by short upright sashes which open outwards by machinery a, and the roof is provided with sliding upper sashes for top ventilation. The upper sashes may also be made to lift, and are in many respects more convenient to operate. In the centre is a two-tier stage 6 ft. wide, for plants, with a pathway on each side 3 ft. wide, and a side stage 4 ft. wide, the side stages being flat, and the centre stage having the middle portion one-third of the width elevated 1 ft. above the rest so as to lift up the middle row of plants nearer the light. Span-roofed houses of this character should run north and south so as to secure an equalization of light, and should be warmed by two flow, and one or two return 4-in. hot-water pipes, carried under the side stages along each side and across each end. Where it is desired to cultivate a large number of plants, it is much better to increase the number of such houses than to provide larger structures. The smaller houses are far better for cultural purposes, while the plants can be classified, and the little details of management more conveniently attended to. Pelargoniums, cinerarias, calceolarias, cyclamens, camellias, heaths, roses and other specialities might thus have to themselves either a whole house or part of a house, the conditions of which could then be more accurately fitted to the wants of the inmates. Entry: II
_Hothouse Culture of Fruit and Flowers._--The cultivation of fruit and flowers under glass has increased enormously since about the year 1880, especially in the neighbourhood of London, where large sums of money have been sunk in the erection and equipment of hothouses. In the parish of Cheshunt, Herts, alone there are upwards of 130 acres covered with glass, and between that place on the north and London on the south extensive areas of land are similarly utilized. In Middlesex, in the north, in the districts of Edmonton, Enfield, Ponders End and Finchley, and in the west from Isleworth to Hampton, Feltham, Hillingdon, Sipson and Uxbridge, many crops are now cultivated under glass. At Erith, Swanley, and other places in Kent, as also at Worthing, in Sussex, glass-house culture has much extended. A careful estimate puts the area of industrial hothouses in England at about 1200 acres, but it is probably much more than this. Most of the greenhouses are fixtures, but in some parts of the kingdom structures that move on rails and wheels are used, to enable the ground to be prepared in the open for one crop while another is maturing under glass. The leading products are grapes, tomatoes and cucumbers, the last-named two being true fruits from the botanist's point of view, though commercially included with vegetables. To these may be added on the same ground dwarf or French beans, and runner or climbing beans. Peaches, nectarines and strawberries are largely grown under glass, and, in private hothouses--from which the produce is used mainly for household consumption, and which are not taken into consideration here--pineapples, figs and other fruit. Conservative estimates indicate the average annual yield of hothouse grapes to be about 12 tons per acre and of tomatoes 20 tons. The greater part of the space in the hothouses is assigned to fruit, but whilst some houses are devoted exclusively to flowers, in others, where fruit is the main object, flowers are forced in considerable quantities in winter and early spring. The flowers grown under glass include tulips, hyacinths, primulas, cyclamens, spiraeas, mignonettes, fuchsias, calceolarias, roses, chrysanthemums, daffodils, arum lilies or callas, liliums, azaleas, eucharises, camellias, stephanotis, tuberoses, bouvardias, gardenias, heaths or ericas, poinsettias, lilies of the valley, zonal pelargoniums, tuberous and fibrous rooted begonias, and many others. There is an increasing demand for foliage hothouse plants, such as ferns, palms, crotons, aspidistras, araucarias, dracaenas, India-rubber plants, aralias, grevilleas, &c. Berried plants like solanums and aucubas also find a ready sale, while the ornamental kinds of asparagus such as _sprengeri_ and _plumosus_ nanus, are ever in demand for trailing decorations, as well as myrsiphyilum. Special mention must be made of the winter or perpetual flowering carnations which are now grown by hundreds of thousands in all parts of the kingdom for decorative work during the winter season. The converse of forcing plants into early blossom is adopted with such an important crop as lily of the valley. During the summer season the crowns are placed in refrigerators with about 2 degrees of frost, and quantities are taken out as required every week and transferred to the greenhouse to develop. Tomatoes are grown largely in houses exclusively occupied by them, in which case two and sometimes three crops can be gathered in the year. In the Channel Islands, where potatoes grown under glass are lifted in April and May, in order to secure the high prices of the early markets, tomato seedlings are planted out from boxes into the ground as quickly as the potatoes are removed, the tomato planter working only a few rows behind the potato digger. The trade in imported tomatoes is so considerable that home growers are well justified in their endeavours to meet the demand more fully with native produce, whether raised under glass or in the open. Tomatoes were not separately enumerated in the imports previous to 1900. It has already been stated that in 1900 the raw tomatoes imported amounted to 833,032 cwt., valued at £792,339, and in 1901 to 793,991 cwt., valued at £734,051. From the monthly quantities given in Table VII., it would appear that the imports are largest in June, July and August, about one-half of the year's total arriving during those three months. It is too early in June and July for home-grown outdoor tomatoes to enter into competition with the imported product, but home-grown hothouse tomatoes should be qualified to challenge this trade. Entry: TABLE